Research overview: elimination behaviour and substrate preference in cats

Elimination behaviour, including digging, covering, and substrate choice, has both innate and learned components and is a frequent source of household problems when disrupted. This overview surveys research on feline latrine behaviour, preferences for loose, fine substrates, the influence of litter type, box cleanliness, location, and number on use, and how stress and medical issues alter elimination. It discusses the marking versus elimination distinction and the social signalling that may accompany latrine use in free-ranging cats. It connects basic behaviour to the most common behavioural complaint in pet cats. The topic grounds practical litter-box guidance in the natural elimination preferences of the species.