Prevalence and determinants of stereotypic behaviours and physiological stress among tigers and leopards in Indian zoos

Vaz, Narayan and colleagues surveyed tigers and leopards across multiple Indian zoos, combining behavioural observation of pacing with non-invasive faecal cortisol measurement. They found substantial stereotypic pacing and elevated stress hormones associated with specific husbandry conditions, including enclosure characteristics, visitor pressure and feeding routines. Leopards and tigers differed in their sensitivities, reflecting species-specific needs. By pairing behaviour with physiology across many animals, the study delivered region-relevant evidence that enclosure design and visitor management materially affect big-cat welfare. It is frequently cited in discussions of welfare in tropical and developing-country zoos and in arguments for standardised, evidence-based husbandry improvements.