Human-carnivore conflict and perspectives on carnivore management worldwide

Treves and Karanth reviewed human-carnivore conflict and management approaches across continents, synthesising how societies have responded to large predators from persecution to protection. They examined the ecological and social drivers of conflict, livestock depredation, attacks on people, and competition for game, and surveyed management tools including lethal control, regulated hunting, compensation, husbandry, and zoning. The review argued for integrated, regionally tailored strategies that account for both carnivore biology and human values, and for moving beyond reflexive killing toward coexistence-oriented management. Widely cited as a field-defining synthesis, it helped establish human-carnivore conflict as a central theme in conservation biology and framed the trade-offs in managing predators alongside people.