Research overview: the human-carnivore conflict mitigation toolbox

This overview synthesises the full toolbox of measures used to mitigate big-cat conflict, organising them into prevention (husbandry, fortified enclosures, guard animals, deterrents, fencing, zoning), response (rapid-response teams, problem-animal management, translocation), and incentives (compensation, insurance, performance payments, tourism revenue, certification). It reviews evidence on the effectiveness, cost, and context-dependence of each, emphasising that no single tool suffices and that layered, locally adapted combinations work best. The literature stresses matching tools to the specific predator, prey, and social setting. The survey serves as a map of the intervention landscape, underscoring that durable coexistence usually requires integrating technical, economic, and social measures rather than relying on any one fix.