Research overview: seasonality of estrus in temperate-zone felids

Cats living in temperate climates often show seasonal patterns of reproduction, with estrus and breeding concentrated in particular times of year, whereas tropical species may cycle year-round. This overview examines how photoperiod and other environmental cues influence the onset and intensity of estrus in species such as domestic cats and several wild felids. It reviews evidence from hormone monitoring and birth records that reveals breeding seasons aligned with favorable conditions for rearing young. The review also considers how captivity, artificial lighting, and latitude alter these rhythms. Understanding reproductive seasonality helps managers anticipate breeding windows, plan introductions, and interpret periods of reduced fertility that reflect normal seasonal anestrus rather than dysfunction.